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  <div class="section" id="module-imputil">
<h1>31.2. <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">imputil</span></tt> &#8212; Import utilities<a class="headerlink" href="#module-imputil" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>
<span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.6: </span>The <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">imputil</span></tt> module has been removed in Python 3.0.</p>
<p id="index-385">This module provides a very handy and useful mechanism for custom
<a class="reference external" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#import"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">import</span></tt></a> hooks. Compared to the older <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">ihooks</span></tt> module,
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">imputil</span></tt> takes a dramatically simpler and more straight-forward
approach to custom <a class="reference external" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#import"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">import</span></tt></a> functions.</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="imputil.ImportManager">
<em class="property">
class </em><tt class="descclassname">imputil.</tt><tt class="descname">ImportManager</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>fs_imp</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#imputil.ImportManager" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Manage the import process.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="imputil.ImportManager.install">
<tt class="descname">install</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>namespace</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#imputil.ImportManager.install" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Install this ImportManager into the specified namespace.</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="imputil.ImportManager.uninstall">
<tt class="descname">uninstall</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#imputil.ImportManager.uninstall" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Restore the previous import mechanism.</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="imputil.ImportManager.add_suffix">
<tt class="descname">add_suffix</tt><big>(</big><em>suffix</em>, <em>importFunc</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#imputil.ImportManager.add_suffix" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Undocumented.</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<dl class="class">
<dt id="imputil.Importer">
<em class="property">
class </em><tt class="descclassname">imputil.</tt><tt class="descname">Importer</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#imputil.Importer" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Base class for replacing standard import functions.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="imputil.Importer.import_top">
<tt class="descname">import_top</tt><big>(</big><em>name</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#imputil.Importer.import_top" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Import a top-level module.</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="imputil.Importer.get_code">
<tt class="descname">get_code</tt><big>(</big><em>parent</em>, <em>modname</em>, <em>fqname</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#imputil.Importer.get_code" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Find and retrieve the code for the given module.</p>
<p><em>parent</em> specifies a parent module to define a context for importing.
It may be <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, indicating no particular context for the search.</p>
<p><em>modname</em> specifies a single module (not dotted) within the parent.</p>
<p><em>fqname</em> specifies the fully-qualified module name. This is a
(potentially) dotted name from the &#8220;root&#8221; of the module namespace
down to the modname.</p>
<p>If there is no parent, then modname==fqname.</p>
<p>This method should return <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, or a 3-tuple.</p>
<blockquote>
<ul class="simple">
<li>If the module was not found, then <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> should be returned.</li>
<li>The first item of the 2- or 3-tuple should be the integer 0 or 1,
specifying whether the module that was found is a package or not.</li>
<li>The second item is the code object for the module (it will be
executed within the new module&#8217;s namespace). This item can also
be a fully-loaded module object (e.g. loaded from a shared lib).</li>
<li>The third item is a dictionary of name/value pairs that will be
inserted into new module before the code object is executed. This
is provided in case the module&#8217;s code expects certain values (such
as where the module was found). When the second item is a module
object, then these names/values will be inserted <em>after</em> the module
has been loaded/initialized.</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<dl class="class">
<dt id="imputil.BuiltinImporter">
<em class="property">
class </em><tt class="descclassname">imputil.</tt><tt class="descname">BuiltinImporter</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#imputil.BuiltinImporter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Emulate the import mechanism for builtin and frozen modules.  This is a
sub-class of the <a title="imputil.Importer" class="reference internal" href="#imputil.Importer"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Importer</span></tt></a> class.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="imputil.BuiltinImporter.get_code">
<tt class="descname">get_code</tt><big>(</big><em>parent</em>, <em>modname</em>, <em>fqname</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#imputil.BuiltinImporter.get_code" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Undocumented.</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="imputil.py_suffix_importer">
<tt class="descclassname">imputil.</tt><tt class="descname">py_suffix_importer</tt><big>(</big><em>filename</em>, <em>finfo</em>, <em>fqname</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#imputil.py_suffix_importer" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Undocumented.</dd></dl>

<dl class="class">
<dt id="imputil.DynLoadSuffixImporter">
<em class="property">
class </em><tt class="descclassname">imputil.</tt><tt class="descname">DynLoadSuffixImporter</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>desc</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#imputil.DynLoadSuffixImporter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Undocumented.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="imputil.DynLoadSuffixImporter.import_file">
<tt class="descname">import_file</tt><big>(</big><em>filename</em>, <em>finfo</em>, <em>fqname</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#imputil.DynLoadSuffixImporter.import_file" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Undocumented.</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<div class="section" id="examples">
<span id="examples-imputil"></span><h2>31.2.1. Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>This is a re-implementation of hierarchical module import.</p>
<p>This code is intended to be read, not executed.  However, it does work
&#8211; all you need to do to enable it is &#8220;import knee&#8221;.</p>
<p>(The name is a pun on the clunkier predecessor of this module, &#8220;ni&#8221;.)</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">imp</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">__builtin__</span>

<span class="c"># Replacement for __import__()</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">import_hook</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">globals</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">locals</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fromlist</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">parent</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">determine_parent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">globals</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">q</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tail</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">find_head_package</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">load_tail</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">q</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tail</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">fromlist</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">q</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">hasattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;__path__&quot;</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="n">ensure_fromlist</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fromlist</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">m</span>

<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">determine_parent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">globals</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">globals</span> <span class="ow">or</span>  <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">globals</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">has_key</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;__name__&quot;</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
    <span class="n">pname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">globals</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;__name__&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">globals</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">has_key</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;__path__&quot;</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="n">parent</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">modules</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">pname</span><span class="p">]</span>
        <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="nb">globals</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__dict__</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">parent</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="s">&#39;.&#39;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">pname</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pname</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rfind</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="n">pname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pname</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span>
        <span class="n">parent</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">modules</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">pname</span><span class="p">]</span>
        <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">pname</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">parent</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">None</span>

<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">find_head_package</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="s">&#39;.&#39;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="n">head</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span>
        <span class="n">tail</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">:]</span>
    <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">head</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">name</span>
        <span class="n">tail</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">qname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">.</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__name__</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">head</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">qname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">head</span>
    <span class="n">q</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">import_module</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">head</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">qname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">q</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">q</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tail</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">qname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">head</span>
        <span class="n">parent</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
        <span class="n">q</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">import_module</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">head</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">qname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">q</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">q</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tail</span>
    <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">ImportError</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;No module named &quot;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">qname</span>

<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">load_tail</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">q</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tail</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">q</span>
    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">tail</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tail</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tail</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="n">head</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tail</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tail</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">tail</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">:]</span>
        <span class="n">mname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">.</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__name__</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">head</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">import_module</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">head</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">ImportError</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;No module named &quot;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">mname</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">m</span>

<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">ensure_fromlist</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fromlist</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">recursive</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">sub</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">fromlist</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">sub</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&quot;*&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">recursive</span><span class="p">:</span>
                <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
                    <span class="n">all</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__all__</span>
                <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">AttributeError</span><span class="p">:</span>
                    <span class="k">pass</span>
                <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
                    <span class="n">ensure_fromlist</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">all</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
            <span class="k">continue</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">sub</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="s">&quot;*&quot;</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">hasattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sub</span><span class="p">):</span>
            <span class="n">subname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">.</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">m</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__name__</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sub</span><span class="p">)</span>
            <span class="n">submod</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">import_module</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sub</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">subname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="p">)</span>
            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">submod</span><span class="p">:</span>
                <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">ImportError</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;No module named &quot;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">subname</span>

<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">import_module</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">partname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fqname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">modules</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">fqname</span><span class="p">]</span>
    <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">KeyError</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="k">pass</span>
    <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pathname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stuff</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">imp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_module</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">partname</span><span class="p">,</span>
                                              <span class="n">parent</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__path__</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">ImportError</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
    <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">m</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">imp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load_module</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fqname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pathname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stuff</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">finally</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="nb">setattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">partname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">m</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">m</span>


<span class="c"># Replacement for reload()</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">reload_hook</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__name__</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="s">&#39;.&#39;</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">import_module</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rfind</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">pname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span>
    <span class="n">parent</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">modules</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">pname</span><span class="p">]</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">import_module</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">:],</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parent</span><span class="p">)</span>


<span class="c"># Save the original hooks</span>
<span class="n">original_import</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">__builtin__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__import__</span>
<span class="n">original_reload</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">__builtin__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reload</span>

<span class="c"># Now install our hooks</span>
<span class="n">__builtin__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__import__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">import_hook</span>
<span class="n">__builtin__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reload</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">reload_hook</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p id="index-386">Also see the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">importers</span></tt> module (which can be found
in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Demo/imputil/</span></tt> in the Python source distribution) for additional
examples.</p>
</div>
</div>


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